Cofidis Strategic Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cofidis Strategic Management - Research Proposal Example The subsequent option is to put resources into a web showcase barrage, to make sure about new records at the present rate. In either case, Cofidis should utilize the web to help oversee contrasts in buyer showcases between nations utilizing information driven applications to offer suitable publicizing for every nation. The suggestion is that Cofidis finish turning into an online credit representative fixated on the family life and the home. Without changing the brand and hazard losing its following, Cofidis should concentrate on gainful credit items while enrolling the help of other monetary answers for offer unpaid account holders arrangements on the web. To make sure about the spot of Cofidis later using a credit card advertise, we should define a procedure dependent on various fundamental data sources. We will examine the vital issue, the strategic issue, some related issues, two practical other options, and an official suggestion.

IKEA Furniture Retailer to the World Coursework - 1

IKEA Furniture Retailer to the World - Coursework Example The well known four-legged feasting tables, whose legs were effectively separable from the base, could be effortlessly disassembled by the clients. This additionally diminished the transportation and warehousing costs for (IKEA, 2012). IKEA picked up notoriety in its nation of origin just as in rest of Europe. The furniture plans mirror the Swedish craftsmanship. IKEA’s stores were painted blue and yellow which mirrors the Swedish banner. Despite the fact that Scandinavian and European societies are not equivalent, they have some basic shades. IKEA was very much aware of the fine taste of the Europeans, who laid uncommon accentuation on rich and great structures. IKEA thought of a one of a kind arrangement of offering Europeans with lovely and tasteful plans, yet with a moderate sticker price and this advertising procedure worked. In Philadelphia, IKEA opened its first store in 1985. The American market appeared to be a generally excellent possibility, yet the chilly conduct of the Americans overwhelmed IKEA. A portion of its rivals like Walmart, Costco and Office Depot were offering low estimated furniture extend however it needed legitimate structure and great quality.Compared to IKEA, the furniture organizations which were offering acceptable plan and quality items had an exceptionally significant expense label appended to them. According to the client investigation, IKEA furniture extend didn't pull in the Americans. IKEA chose to re-stress on the furniture plan in light of the fact that the American way of life and culture are totally different from the European nations. IKEA revamped certain furniture extend for the American markets and concentrated on the promotion technique which could bait the Americans. The strategies worked astoundingly and deals soar following the showcasing methodology was patched up. By 2008, the United States was IKEA’s second-biggest market after Germany, with 35 stores representing 10 percent of complete incomes (Hollensen and Banerjee, 2010, p.401).

How Can New Students Can Get the Most Out of Their SIPA Experience COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

How Can New Students Can Get the Most Out of Their SIPA Experience COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It’s finally May, and our Class of 2018 is coming to the end of their journey here â€" graduation is less than 2 weeks away. Before they leave us, our Program Assistants  imparted advice to future SIPA students as they look back on their own two years here. Tedros Abraham, MIA ‘18: I have two pieces of advice for newly admitted students: Try to make a personal connection with at least one professor early on, and start applying to internships and jobs in the fall. Professors at SIPA make themselves accessible and are always eager for students to come to their office hours before the rush of midterms and finals. By engaging professors in your field, you can gain access to practitioners who will be able to offer you insight on how best to position yourself in school for success afterwards. Furthermore, building a relationship early on will allow professors to write you strong letters of recommendation. Between moving to a new city, readjusting to the rigors of academic life, and getting to know your cohort, it is easy to put off thinking about summer internships and jobs after school. However, doing so in your first semester is critical since so many competitive jobs and internships in larger organizations and government agencies have deadlines in the fall. The Office of Career Services hosts regular recruiting events on campus and sends weekly lists of opportunities. Take full advantage of these events and actively pursue opportunities on your own. Mark Jamias, Five-Year Joint Bachelor/Master Program, ‘18 Many come to SIPA to grow as professionals, pushing the boundaries past their realms of working experience. Take classes for the learning curve, not the grading curve. In other words, don’t be afraid to get a B or a C in challenging classes. It’s better than an A in something you already knew. One can learn just as much, if not more, from one’s peers. Take the time to prioritize people: learn what they do, understand from where they’re coming from and why they’re doing what they do. Every person at SIPA has their unique, amazing story (Hint: That’s why we chose you). Listen to theirs; share yours. Also, taking one hour out of your studying time to attend your partner’s opera performance, a classmate’s Capstone presentation, or simply to chat (read: vent) with a friend won’t cause you irrevocable academic doom. Besides, the people you meet here are much more interesting than monetary theory. Break out of IAB: Step out of the International Affairs Building and visit Columbia’s other grad schools. There’s literally nothing stopping you from venturing to the Law School or Business School to attend talks and other social events. Take a few classes outside SIPA. Join university-wide clubs to get a true taste of Columbia’s diverse palate. Want your worldview really challenged? Go talk to an engineer; one can find them in Mudd at all hours of the night and day. Make friends with the Five-Years. They’ve been at Columbia for 3-4 years, and they know what’s up. From the best coffee on or near campus, tricks to get discounts and free things using your Columbia ID, and fun library hacks and seat-scouting/staking strategies, the Five-Years have seen things and know their way around (read: work) this place. Rahel Tekola, MPA ‘18: One of the best things I did before coming into SIPA is taking a step back and asking myself what is it that I want to gain out of this program, and what things can I do during my time at SIPA and New York City that will allow me to leverage the school and city to help me explore career, education and professional development opportunities. Before moving to NYC I made a list of professors I wanted to meet with at SIPA, organizations and companies I wanted to connect with in NYC and practitioners in my area of interest that would entertain me for coffee. This exercise allowed me to hone in on my interests and really embrace the best parts of SIPA and NYC these past two years. Suzanne El Sanadi, MPA ’18: Take time every weekend to explore New York. The city is full of incredible opportunities ranging from the Bronx Zoo to the Transit Museum in Brooklyn! Go on as many of the international student-led trips at SIPA as you can youll not only learn about other cultures and governments but also make lifelong friends. Jin Ramen is the best ramen spot up near Columbia I wish that I had discovered it my first year! Sebastian Osorio, MPA ‘18: SIPA claims to be where the world connects, and it is really like that. With more than 100 nationalities among the student body it is truly the most international policy school. This means that you will find here a multiculturalism that will open your mind to new and different ways of thinking. Also you will make friends from all the corners of the world. What you gain from them is as important as what you get from class. SIPA is a big school, which is great. The school needs a large academic offering for students with so many different backgrounds and interests. This means that you can take a lot of different courses in the same school from the ones in Economic and Political Development, to the ones suited for people interested in journalism or energy or security policies. SIPA offers the possibility to cross register courses from other schools at Columbia University. If there is another class or professor that you like but is not at SIPA, you can easily cross register with them and use them as credit for graduation. You can choose courses from the ones at Law,  Engineering or Business Schools to the ones in Statistics, Psychology or Sociology departments, for example. There are courses that you will find extremely interesting and some others that you will think werent suited for you. Make sure to talk to a lot of the second-year students for recommendations about classes aligned to your interests or extremely good professors. A final reminder to our admitted students that today, May 1st, is the enrollment deadline for the upcoming fall semester. And we haven’t forgotten about our waitlisted candidates â€" we’ll start reviewing those applications this month. Youll get an email once theres an update, so thank you for your patience.

Light is Like Water as Magical Realism Essay - 1089 Words

Light is Like Water as Magical Realism Latin author Gabriel Garcia Marquez has written many short stories and novels that are considered to be Magical Realism. Some of these works are The Ghosts of August, One Hundred Years of Solitude, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and Light Is Like Water. In Light Is Like Water (December 1978), the use of various fantastic elements along with the realist elements is what defines this story as Magical Realism. The exclusive magical element of Light Is Like Water is light because Toto and Joel use it as water. The use of light as water comes into use when Marquez says that the light begins to pour out of the broken light bulb (158) Light†¦show more content†¦To achieve this effect, Marquez also uses the characteristic of de-familiarization of the skin-diving outfits to allow the boys to go diving into the light. The light having the physical properties of water happens when a metaphor becomes real (Faris 176). The metaphor that Im speaking of is when Toto asks Marquez why the light went on with the touch of a switch (158). Marquez answers the boy by saying, Light is like water. You turn the tap and out it comes (158) This characteristic allows the brothers to row on top of the light as if it is water. The use of light as water is an example of the closeness or near-merging of two realms, two worlds (Faris 172). The two realms that I speak of are the realm of reality and the realm of the imaginary. This element becomes obvious when the two brothers filled the apartment to depth of two fathoms, dove like tame sharks under the furniture, including the beds, and salvaged from the bottom of the light things that had been lost in darkness for years (159). The reaction of Marquez to this event is the reaction of acceptance. This is evident because Marquez describes the scenes as though he had witnessed the events that took place. Also, the ending helps show this acceptance when he states that the: apartment had flooded, and twoShow MoreRelatedMagical Realism In A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Marquez895 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism Essay While this genre in itself is an oxymoron, it can be defined as a genre of writing where magical or spectacular elements are introduced to a realistic and culturally accurate setting whose characters accept these events as part of their lives. Some of the genre’s defining characteristics are magical events are set in an ordinary world with historic and cultural realities but there is no logic or reasoning behind the event. There are also cultural influences in the story thatRead MoreThe Use of Magical Realism in Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate1055 Words   |  5 PagesLatin American literature is perhaps best known for its use of magical realism, a literary mode where the fantastical is seamlessly blended with the ordinary, creating a sort of enhanced reality. Though magical realism is practiced by authors from other cultures, the works of authors Salman Rushdie and Toni Morrison, for example, are notable examples of non-Latin works in which magical realism has been used to both great effect and great celebration, it is in the works of Latin American authorsRead MoreSupernatural Elements in Like Water for Chocolate and the House of the Spirits1014 Words   |  5 Pageshave studied â€Å"Like water for chocolate† by Laura esquivel and â€Å"The house of the spirits† by Isabel allende, magic realism has been used as a common literary device to give the book a fantasy-like twist, making it very interesting and engaging. Magic realism stretches the boundaries of realism in order to stretch or widen the definition of reality. In Like Water for Chocolate, magic becomes ordinary, admitted, accepted and integrated into the rationality and materiality of literary realism. The firstRead More Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey1435 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey      Ã‚   From the beginning of The Monkey, a short story located within Isak Dinesens anthology Seven Gothic Tales, the reader is taken back to a â€Å"storytime† world he or she may remember from childhood. Dinesens 1934 example of what has been identified as the Gothic Sublime sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublimeRead MoreMagic Realism in Haroun and the Sea of Stories970 Words   |  4 Pages[pic] What is Magic Realism? The definition for magic realism can be explained as fantasy combined with realism:  a style of art or literature that depicts fantastic or mythological subjects in a realistic manner. â€Å"Magic realism--the capacity to enrich our idea of what is real by incorporating all dimensions of the imagination, particularly as expressed in magic, myth and religion.† (Benets Readers Encyclopedia) Examples of Magic Realism Invisible Tap Rashid tells Haroun where he receivesRead More Sublime Elements in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel1163 Words   |  5 Pages     Ã‚   The novel Like Water for Chocolate, published in 1989, was written by Laura Esquivel who is of Spanish heritage. She lives in Mexico, and Like Water for Chocolate was her first novel. I feel that in the story Laura Esquivel gives a lot of magical elements that are treated as real in order to evoke emotions about love, but it also employs many features of sublime literature. In Like Water for Chocolate, a girl named Tita was born. When she was first born, it mentions that she was literallyRead More`` Like Water For Chocolate `` By Laura Esquivel1685 Words   |  7 Pagesfelt by all humans. In the novel, Like Water for Chocolate, Esquivel frequently uses magical elements to find similar experiences that the reader can relate to with characters in the book. She uses common emotions, sadness, jealousy and love, which are felt by everyone to convey how similar all human experiences are. The frequent use of magical realism works to show universal human experiences through exaggeration of realistic events, making them appear as magical, therefore drawing attention to emotionsRead MoreSupernatural Elements in Like Water for Chocolate and the House of the Spirits1004 Words   |  5 Pagesstudied â€Å"Like water for chocolate† by Laura esquivel and â€Å"The house of the spirits† by Isabel allende, magic realism has been used as a common literar y device to give the book a fantasy-like twist, making it very interesting and engaging. Magic realism stretches the boundaries of realism in order to stretch or widen the definition of reality. In Like Water for Chocolate, magic becomes ordinary, admitted, accepted and integrated into the rationality and materiality of literary realism. The firstRead MoreLaura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesCan a book truly relay a cultural aspect of a culture well enough so that we see the true cultural believes of a country? To this I think yes, â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† by Laura Esquivel represents many cultural aspects of the Mexican cultural life style throughout the entire novel using everything from small cultural references to large references. This is due mainly to Laura Esquivel being from Mexico and having string cultural beliefs. Laura Esquivel from what Gale Contextual Encyclopedia tellsRead MoreThe Theory, History, and Development of Magical Realism Essay examples3188 Words   |  13 PagesMagical realism is more a literary mode than a distinguishable genre and it aims to seize the paradox of the union of opposites such as time and timelessness, life and death, dream and reality and the pre-colonial past and the post-industrial present. It is characterized by two conflicting perspectives. While accepting the rational view of reality, it also considers the supernatural as a part of reality. The setting in a magical realist text is a normal world with authentic human characters. It is

Summary Of The Great Gatsby - 1277 Words

Nick Lopez Ms. McCauley CP English III 4 April 2017 Death to the American Dream In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, all of the characters attempt to achieve a state of happiness in their lives. The main characters are split up into two groups: the rich upper class and the poorer lower class, which struggles to achieve a better, happier life. Although the major characters only seem to look to make their lives even better, the ideal and reality of the American Dream is almost completely destroyed by the harsh reality of life, leaving them with pretty much no hope in improving their lives and making them feel hopeless. Tom and Daisy Buchanan, the incredibly rich family, seem to have everything they could possibly†¦show more content†¦Even then, once Tom begs for her to stay with him, Daisy quickly concedes and pretty much entirely leaves Gatsby for a life of comfort and security. The Buchanans are a great example of wealth and prosperity. They are the perfect representation of the rich lifestyle of the American Dream, yet their lives are poor, unsatisfied, and without purpose. Though Myrtle Wilson tries her best to get out of her own social class and pursue happiness with the rich people, her efforts ultimately result in nothing as she ends up dying, being a victim of the people in the group she tried so hard to become a part of. Myrtle tried to join the rich class by entering an affair with Tom and taking on his lifestyle, but in doing so she becomes a terrible and corrupt person like the typical rich. She loses her sense of morality and is gross toward the people in the same class as her. With the way she is always changing her clothes, it really points out her dissatisfaction in her life. She changes how she acts pretty much every single time she changes her dress: with the influence of the dress her whole personality had also undergone a change. The intense vitality†¦ was converted into impressive hauteur (Fitzgerald 35). She treats the elevator boy in her apartment building with hatred: Myrtle raised her eyebrows in despair at the shiftlessness of the lower orders. These people! You have to keep after them allShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby Summary1036 Words   |  5 PagesSummer Project 2012- â€Å"The Great Gatsby†: FULL SUMMARY OF â€Å"THE GREAT GATSBY†: During the 1920’s era, within the various movements of prohibition, women’s rights, and the Jazz Age, F Scott Fitzgerald bore a timeless novel by the name of â€Å"The Great Gatsby.† The predominant character, Nick, who duals as narrator, is indecisive but thoughtful. He lives in West Egg on Long Island Sound, amidst the aristocratic air and luxurious titles. Gatsby, Nick’s neighbor, whose affairs apart from his partsRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby 1327 Words   |  6 Pageseverything during this time. From parties to everyday life dà ©cor was a very influential aspect during this time. Jesse James In the novel The Great Gatsby, readers are treated with many examples of artistic, decorative, and architectural design by Fitzgeralds excellent descriptions of the colorful environments and locations in the novel. Nick stated, Gatsby s house - The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard—it was a factual imitation of some Hà ´tel de Ville in Normandy, with a towerRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby Essay1937 Words   |  8 PagesNoah Myers The Great Gatsby Reading Logs Chapter 1: In the Great Gatsby Chapter 1, The table has been set figuratively and literally. Figuratively because we meet Nick Carraway our narrator for the first time. Plus the rest of the great gatsby main characters, Daisy, Tom and jordan. Nick starts out having dinner with tom, daisy and jordan. The setting is in east egg, but the dinner takes place in west egg at the buchanans house. I think this passage from the great gatsby in the opening of theRead MoreShort Summary of the Great Gatsby11203 Words   |  45 Pagesexceedingly ambivalent about the notion of the American dream: for him, it was at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. It need scarcely be noted that such fascinated ambivalence is itself typically American. Like the central character of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald had an intensely romantic imagination; he once called it a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life. The events of Fitzgeralds own life can be seen as a struggle to realize those promises. He attended both St. Paul AcademyRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Salinger904 Words   |  4 PagesJ.D. Salinger Jerome David Salinger, one of the most influential authors to arise after World War II, was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City. Little is known about his early life except for his education. He attended schools on the upper west side of Manhattan, which would later be the setting of his most famous novel, The Catcher in the Rye. After flunking out of several prep schools, including McBurney’s, his parents sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy. At Valley Forge he maintainedRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By Richard Rodriguez869 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterialism is the classic novel, The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Though it has many concepts within it, the one ambiguous term that comes to mind when talking about The Great Gatsby is materialism. The Great Gatsby is centered upon the ideal of materialism. It is surrounded by the flashiness of being wealthy and having all that money can buy. All the characters such as Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, and Tom Buchanan hold material things very highly. Mr. Gatsby and Mr. Buchanan show this significantlyRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1061 Words   |  5 Pagesthat, most people were doubled over gasping to catch their breath. Next, they did hand to hand combat. Last they did some strength training and then they were done for the day. That night he realized something, as he lay awake that he had gained a great friend and overcame his fear. Read MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1732 Words   |  7 Pagessay that would take it all back? No, that would only cause more problems. It was time to talk, but†¦that was terrifying. How do you start a conversation about the fact that you both wanted to relive the past so badly that you sent yourself there? Jay Gatsby would be jealous. Was this just†¦making matters worse? They weren’t totally unprepared, after all: this was the past, not the future. No flying hovercrafts or houses on Mars or†¦marriage to Willow. It was just a thought, really. No rings were purchasedRead MoreSummary Of Sir Taran s The Great Gatsby 956 Words   |  4 PagesWell past the middle of the night, on a clear autumn evening, Bili clapped his hands together. â€Å"Everyone! Calm down and take your seats. It’s about to begin and you’ll never see such a spectacle again in your lives, so sit.† None of the children seemed to heed his instruction, and with a slight scowl, Bili sat next to Asla on a blanket in front of the lake. â€Å"What a gaggle of wild ones.† Taran chuckled. â€Å"Are you accusing our grandchildren of being wild?† â€Å"The grandchildren? No, they’re perfect. It’sRead MoreSummary : The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald847 Words   |  4 Pages Anna Duke, Jordan Shawn What Happened: Duke and Anna planned to runaway together and give love a second chance. Before meeting up, Duke (Ian Buchannan) unsuccessfully tried to call off the hit on Jordan (Vinessa Antoine) for being a police informant (she was able to get the upper-hand and kill the shooter; 5/8). On Julian s orders, Carlos (Jeffrey Vincent Parise) cornered and shot him in the abdomen (5/7). Duke made it to the docks and died in Anna s arms. Carlos bragged that he would likely

The Cause of Terrorism Free Essays

Terrorism is, in the most general sense, the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. [1] At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. [2][3] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). We will write a custom essay sample on The Cause of Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. [4] Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. [4] The word â€Å"terrorism† is politically and emotionally charged,[5] and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of â€Å"terrorism†. 6][7] The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities to delegitimize political or other opponents,[8] and potentially legitimize the state’s own use of armed force against opponents (such use of force may itself be described as â€Å"terror† by opponents of the state. ). [8][9] A less politically and emotionally charged, and more easily definable, term is violent non-state acto r[10] (though the semantic scope of this term includes not only â€Å"terrorists,† while excluding some individuals or groups who have previously been described as â€Å"terrorists†). citation needed] Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments. [11] One form is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. [12] How to cite The Cause of Terrorism, Papers

Biotechnology Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Example Essay Example

Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Example Paper Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Introduction Nowadays we are living in a world where progress is very much appreciated. Technology made our lives a whole lot easier and there are many inventions who had been a great help to us, mankind. However, does all this inventions promote the goods of all mankind? Or are these simply making some of us richer and some poorer, some powerful where some are basically helpless? There are many things to be considered before one decides to support a certain invention or not. As in most things are, there the pros and cons and there are the moral dilemmas from where one should decide which path s/he ought to follow. The use of biological weapon is one example of the things I had been talking about. Thus, whether we should support its use or not depends on the benefits and the consequences it would wrought on the lives of us, mankind. To further evaluate the use of these weapons one must first have a clear idea of what biological weapon is all about, why is it harmful or useful to human beings and what are the consequences there are in using them. Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Body Paragraphs Biological weapons utilize biological agents such as microorganisms and substances that are biologically or artificially derived. These substances can either kill or incapacitate the target. Biological weapons can exist as either missile heads or bombs making them a good choice as a weapon of mass destruction (www. army-technology. com). Weapons of mass destruction are weapons which has the potential to destroy a substantial number of individuals. Common used agents in biological warfare are: bacteria, viruses and toxins. A popular bacteria used is Bacillus anthracis or Anthrax. This pathogen ordinarily infects livestock and can affect a human by contact with the infected animal or their products. Other diseases caused by bacteria are cholera, tularemia and plague. (www. emedicine. com). In producing this kind of weapons, the first stage is the selection of the appropriate organism. After this, large scale production and stabilization of the microorganism is done (www. globalsecurity . org). Advances in technology make the production easier and more efficient. The use of rockets is a common way of delivering biological weapons. A more effective way of spreading the biological agent would be by spraying it by from a light vehicle. This method is also good in avoiding detection. Another possible case is by robotic delivery (www. slic2. wsu. edu:82). Historians have claimed that biological warfare has been used by the Greeks, Romans and Chinese civilizations. Their methods were not as sophisticated as modern weapons but their intention was the same. One example of their method is by poisoning water supplies. During the 2nd world war there have been speculations that Hitler possessed biological weapons (library. thinkquest. org). Having thus explained what biological weapons are let us now give the reasons why is it that there are groups of people who supports its use and why are there groups of people who, on the other hand, condemns its use. Among the arguments us ed to support the use of biological weapons are because biological weapons are relatively easy and inexpensive to grow. They are also effective and can be produced in short period of time. Biological weapons are sometimes called â€Å"Poor man’s weapon of mass destruction† due to its relative cheapness and ease of production compared to the nuclear bomb produced by the rich countries (http://www. slic2. wsu. edu:82). Also, a small number of people in a small facility can produce a large quantity of biological agents making the production site difficult to detect. These advantages have prompted terrorists to use biological weapons because their initial concern, especially during production, is the concealment of their project. It is also very appropriate to terrorists with relatively low budgets because its effectiveness relative to its cheapness. Also, microorganisms that can be used as biological agents along with the equipments and chemicals required are obtainable f rom a number of suppliers around the world. With this raw material availability combined with the researches and other information about the enhancement of the pathogen that are readily available in books and the internet, gives terrorists all they need to make a potent biological weapon. Biological weapons attack only the living organisms with little damage to expensive infrastructures. Although the military has very little use of it, this feature is seen as a good advantage of the weapon. Some nations see biological weapons as good a good defense against aggressors. As we can see from the statements above, biological weapons are very practical for some to use. However, the morality in using these things differs from one person to another, from one country to another and so on. Thus, the use of biological weapons may be right for a group of people whence it may be wrong from another group. Thus, those whose religions allow them to kill their fellow human beings in order to convert others to their religions (justification of holy wars) would most likely allow the use of these weapons. There are also those who would argue that if it is one means which would be effective in protecting their states or countries then its use should not be prohibited. Aside from that there are those who would argue that the use of these things is not really abominable as compared to nuclear weapons because they would claim that the use of biological weapons would be more merciful than other kinds of weapons. Such are the defense used by promoters of biological weapons. On the other hand, among the many reasons why there are some who abhors the use of biological weapons are that the use of biological weapons by the military is very impractical because of its danger, especially to the public. A main problem would be the difficulty in handling after its release. The biological agent could spread to highly populated areas causing high casualties to civilians. Another disadvantage is th e difficulty in protecting the workers in the production, transport and delivery of the weapon. These disadvantages endanger the lives of the ones that the military wishes to protect. Other disadvantages are concerned with the maintaining quality of the weapon and the effective delivery of the weapon. Based on these disadvantages, the use of biological weapons is unsafe, impractical and difficult to maintain for military purposes. One reason is, unlike the terrorists, the military would not use the weapon readily after production and would need to store the weapon for a relatively long period of time. Also, the production of these weapons would also give rise to unrest in the public. People would call for their safety because these weapons are unreliable and difficult to control. Those who are against the use of biological weapons argue on the basis that it kills human life thus it is wrong to use these weapons against fellow humans. These weapons are also considered more cruel than others because it is possible that those who were attacked by it could not possibly know what befall them. Besides in a war, some would argue (Jean Paul Sartre for example) that people see other people not as subjects themselves but rather as an object thus what he is doing is that he is objectifying that person. What happens in wars is that one sees others simply as objects thus their being is being objectify. They are simply being means towards an end which some would argue to be not morally right. This is one of the reasons why the convention on biological toxin weapons in 1972 happened. They made the said convention in order for peace to prevail and to stop other people from taking advantage of the weaker ones. After seeing the pros and cons and the effects a biological weapon could have one could then on decide as to what his/her stand would be. There are always two sides on an issue and it would be wise to analyze each side before deciding which side is better. In this issue, though there are some justifications in the use of biological weapons I would still remain firm on my stand that such weapons should not be used especially in wiping off human beings. Reference: â€Å"Albert Einstein and the atomic bomb† http://www. doug-long. com â€Å"Biological Warfare Agent Production† http://www. globalsecurity. org â€Å"Biological Weapons† http://www. army-technology. com â€Å"Biological Weapons† http://library. thinkquest. org â€Å"Biological Weapons† http://en. wikipedia. org â€Å"Biological Weapons; Malignant Biology† http://www. slic2. wsu. edu:82 â€Å"Biological Weapons Program: History† http://www. fas. org â€Å"Biological Weapons and Threats† http://prelas. nuclear. missouri. edu â€Å"CBRNE-Biological Warfare Agents† http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic853. htm â€Å"Chemical warfare† http://www. britannica. com â€Å"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Prod uction and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction† http://www. state. gov/t/ac/trt/4718. htm â€Å"Defense Special Weapons Agency† http://www. acq. osd. mil â€Å"Iraq: The pros and cons of going to war to disarm a despot† http://www. aijac. org. au â€Å"The Biological Weapons Convention – An overview â€Å" http://www. icrc. org â€Å"The military role in countering terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction† http://www. au. af. mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/dickinson. htm â€Å"The Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat† http://www. state. gov/t/np/wmd â€Å"Weapons of Mass Destruction† http://www. thewednesdayreport. com â€Å"Weapons of Mass Destruction† http://www. sourcewatch. org â€Å"WEAPONS TERRORISM Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism† http://www. terrorismfiles. org â€Å"WMD411† http://www. nti. org We will write a custom essay sample on Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biotechnology: Biological Weapons/Bioterrorism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Media arts essays

Media arts essays In the media arts class you learn about the camera and all about the different angles and shots there are. Some of these shots are; wide shots medium shots close ups and extreme close-ups. You learn that when you are filming a variation of different shots and camera angles can make the video that you are filming look good. Also in the media arts class you learn how to use editing programs. When your done filming your video you use this to edit the various clips and you choose what looks good and you turn it into your very own video. This class can be a benefit to some one if they decided that they want a career in media arts. They learn about video editing and how to use a camera hands on. They also have to be creative. You have to make story boards so that you know what you video will look like, what type of shots and camera angels you will use and also how long these shots will be. Some of the different careers that you can get into that involve media arts are; Film editor , Camera operator, Computer animator and video game developer, director, director of photography, Lighting Technician, Recording Engineer, Sound Technician, Special Effects Technician and Writer. When a film editor looks at shots they look for things like lighting, sound and how well the shot is (Performance by the actor(s)). The editor has to look for key things like if the shot involved some one losing a watch the editor has to make sure that the actor was wearing that watch in the previous scenes. If its a comedy the editor had to be careful on timing. There has to be enough time for the audience to laugh and then re focus on the movie. Editors work with the footage on an editing machine or a computer. They take the raw footage and make marks on the shot, from where it began and ended. The best thing to become a film editor is to have a post-secondary education and practical experience. The industry is competitive and a coll...

Companies Are It, not They

Companies Are It, not They Companies Are It, not They Companies Are It, not They By Brittiany Cahoon A common error in modern writing looks a little like this: Microsoft announced they are releasing a new Xbox console next week Since Microsoft is a company made up of many people, its easy to make this mistake. But companies are always its, not theys. Microsoft announced it is releasing Another variation on this rule is to remember to use which instead of who. (Wrong) Apple, Inc., who brought the world the iPod (Right) Apple, Inc., which brought the world the iPod Here are some quotations from mainstream publications that illustrate the point: Last week, at the Gnomedex technology conference in Seattle, Microsoft announced it is building the ability to detect, display and subscribe to RSS (The Guardian) Second, Microsoft has devised a new strategy, called .NET, under which it will try to recast itself as a provider of Internet-based software services rather (The Economist) Michele Brosius, a 49-year-old blogger from Pillow, Pa., says shes not deleting her Facebook account, either. She knew from the moment she put her data on the Internet that it was up for grabs. Facebook isnt the only one tracking her. Anytime she uses a store rewards card, a credit card, takes surveys or picks up an electronic device, she knows someones watching her. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesSupervise vs. Monitor

Love & Friendship text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love & Friendship text analysis - Essay Example To her, Robbie is a sex-crazed maniac who is out to hurt her sister. Her accusation lands Robbie a jail-term. However, with age she comes to terms with her mistake and leads her life wishing for atonement, and this makes her writes to the end. All the events in the novel can be attributed to the failure of the older generation. Therefore, this paper shall seek to explain the extent to which the older generation’s failure contributed to the events of the story. The novel centers on the youth and adolescents facing challenges as a result of their parents’ failures. For instance, Briony’s cousins’ Lola, Pierrot, and Jackson visit the Tallis’s home for summer since their parents, Cecil Quincey and Hermoine are having problems in their marriage. They are giving their parents time to work out their differences and probably revert back their idea of having a divorce. It is during this visit that Lola gets raped and Robbie is accused of the crime. Chances are high that if Lola’s parents were in a healthy relationship, then they could have not visited the Tallis’s home during summer since they could be spending time together as a family. On the other hand, if they had not visited Tallis’s home, then Lola could have not been raped and Robbie could not have been sent to prison. The Talli’s family members are not happy as a family since their parents are not always there for them. Jack Tallis, the head of the family is always in London working and does not get time to visit or spend quality time with his family. McEwan asserts, â€Å"†¦and the old man is staying in town. He might come later† (48). The whole household misses his presence, and everything that goes wrong is attributed to the fact that he is not around. Briony explains that her father’s presence always changed the family’s atmosphere. She asserts, â€Å"Whenever he was around, the house settled on a fixed point† (McEwan 122). In as much as he spent his time at home in the library

An audit of current provision and critical reflection of the Learning Essay

An audit of current provision and critical reflection of the Learning Environment where intervention groups are currently conduc - Essay Example However, the effectiveness of this initiative has remained an issue of concern to a good number of modern scholars and policy implementers in the United Kingdom (Hayward, 2006, p. 257). Although the term inclusion is not a legal concept, the term is used consistently in primary schools and many middle level schools to educate professionals and community members on the significance of supporting people with disabilities to perform effective in formal and informal education system. In most instances, inclusion programmes differ consistently both in terms of implementation and definition in different schools and societies. Some variables, such as the nature and amount of support and school infrastructures, differ from child to child, school to school and from one country to another. As defined by global scholars, inclusion entails a situation where pupils with disabilities are trained in regular education classroom using the available resources on fulltime bases (Evans, 1989, p.910). Di sabled students therefore become part of the entire education systems, and therefore, they consistently participate in all areas of classroom culture. In inclusion programme, students are expected to effectively participate in various activities such as in library activities, assembly’s activities, lunchtime activities, arts activities, in physical education and in playground activities. Inclusion has its root cause in Civil Rights Movements in United Kingdom and United States of America (DFES, 2005, p. 245). The hypothesis behind the introduction of this policy was that separate training and education among children with disabilities failed to provide an overall solution to the problems that affected disabled people. Therefore, in order to attain equal access to education facilities, children with disabilities ought to be educated in the same training institution and system with children who do not have physical and mental disabilities. Purpose of inclusion for pupils with S END A good number of modern scholars have written different publications with an aim of explaining some of the main benefits of inclusion education among disabled children. However, based on the available facts, inclusion education offers an authentic learning environment among disabled children in primary schools. This benefit is based on the assumption that at one time in their lives; children with disabilities will become part of the general society. Therefore, they ought to interact with other people in order to understand the society’s norms and regulations. In interacting with community members, children who do not have disabilities will encounter people with disabilities, and therefore, effective interaction at the initial development stage will offer an avenue that will train them on some of the most effective means of dealing with physically challenged people. Therefore, in the attempt to foster competence and understanding instead of fear, it is important that child ren be exposed to people of all abilities and disabilities in their initial training. The creation of a learning environment that have microcosm of the society and that include people from all lifestyles including physically challenged people is very essential and critical in enhancing students’ future activities and performances (Kochhar, West & Taymans, 2000, p. 89). In addition, inclusion programme offers an opportunity for students to be exposed to various learning and training methods on a

The Importance Of Oil Price In Market Economy

The Importance Of Oil Price In Market Economy Oil price has become a fundamental factor of todays market economy as it influences financial markets as well as consumers, corporations and governments. Oil fluctuation has not only a tremendous impact over the stock markets but also a major influence on the global economy: oil is needed for industrial purpose such as power generation, chemical products, transportation etc. In particular oil demand and supply drive volatility and any upward or downward price movements is tracked by any financial market player as it directly influences future outlook and real growth of exporting and importing countries. Higher crude oil price implies higher price of energy leading to a slower economic growth, inflationary pressure, asymmetrical results on consumers and producers side and global imbalances. Oil scarcity and increasing demand of emerging market countries have changed oil market as well as political uncertainty leads to an increase in oil volatility. Since 2000, crude oil has experienced an incredible price rally, moving from $25 in 2000 to over $144 in July 2008 and getting back later December 2008 to $35. These huge price changes are mainly undesired because they increase uncertainty and undermine investment in oil as well as alternative energy sources. Even if we are getting more and more familiar with this price uncertainty or at least with oil price volatility, it is necessary to understand the key driver of this commodity in order to be able to conduct accurate studies and to forecast and prevent new worldwide market chock: there are mainly two different explanation to oil price behavior. The first one is related to the idea that markets are experiencing a structural transformation in oil price fundamentals; the second one is related to substantial speculation in oil market. The supporters of this second view argue that the massive oil crude price cannot be explained by simple change in market fundamentals but can be rather explained through a market distortion caused by speculators. This dissertation will investigate oil and the oil market players trying to understand the different price determinants and the interaction of key players: it starts with an historical overview of oil price and it successively analyzed oil as a commodity, oil as a financial asset, the role of expectations in the formation of oil price, the industry outlook for the next years, oil derivatives on the financial markets. Oil Fundamentals History Oil industry was born in the 1859 in Pennsylvania, United States when Edwin Drake opened the first oil well. The industry grew slowly during the second half of 1800 when the business pioneer George Bissell together with the banker, James Townsend, established the first oil company: Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company. The industry became more and more attractive and in 1870 John D. Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company. Boosted by the introduction of the internal combustion engine and by an increasing energy demand caused by the outbreak of World War I, the oil industry became one of the foundations of modern industrial society, ready to overcome coal as the most used and requested energy source. As the graph points out the price of oil remained steady from the beginning of the century until the first energy crisis, risen by less than two percent per year. Spot crude oil price moved from $2.83 per barrel of 1973 to $10.41 of 1974. This increase in price was caused by the oil embargo proclaimed by the OPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting countries in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing Egypt and Syria. The OPEC countries limited their production as well as the shipment of oil cargos to United States and other countries. The embargo led to quadrupled and extremely volatile oil price and it showed how high was the dependency of western economies from the oil reserves controlled by the OPEC members. Following the first oil crisis, in 1979 took place another sharp rise of oil prices following the Iranian revolution: the overthrow of the regime of Sha h Reza Pahlavi triggered a strong speculative movements of oil price. The price increased from the $14 needed to buy a barrel in 1978 to roughly $30 in 1979 causing a widespread panic and affecting geopolitical forces. Moreover in 1980, Iraqi invaded Iran leading to oil cut production of Iraq and a total stop of Iranian production. All these events strongly influenced oil price and demonstrated how pure supply and demand get overcome from sociopolitical facts. The so-called oil glut of 80s changed again the oil market environment as the price of the black gold fell from $35 to $15 in 1986 due to a falling demand, slowed economic activities in industrial countries and an increase in production. The crude oil price fluctuated between $15 and $25 until 1999. At the beginning of the new century the oil price increased exponentially and reaching $30 in 2003, it moved to $60 dollar in 2005 and peaked at $148 in 2008. This incredible ride of oil can be explained by different factor such as decreasing US Dollar value against other currencies, declining petroleum reserves, speculation, increasing demand from emerging market and OPECs lower than expected increase in production. But after reaching the peak on July, 11th 2008 the price declined consistently falling below $100 on September 2008. Because of the financial crisis world oil demand fell rapidly and in just a couple of months it touched the lowest point at $34. Until April 2009 oil price flu ctuated between $35 and $40 and recovered to roughly $70 in early 2010. Oil as a product People are more familiar with refined oil products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene and heating oil rather than with crude oil. The basic oil refining process is distillation: crude oil is heated and oil products bubble off at different temperatures, the lightest at the lowest temperatures and the heaviest at the highest temperatures  [1]  . Afterward these products are treated further to make finished oil products such as gasoline kerosene etc. Gasoline is commonly used for cars while kerosene is widely developed for airplanes and households illumination heating. Diesel is widespread as combustible for tracks and agricultural machines while heating oil is mainly used for space heating. Oil this different refined products come from crude oil and even if crude oil is considered as a commodity, there are several qualities of crude depending mainly on two different chemical properties: density and sulphur content. Crude oil is therefore divided into heavy or light according to the density level and sweet or sour according to the sulphur content. Nonetheless, in financial market, the three most quoted products are: West Texas Intermediate Crude, WTI very high-quality, sweet, light crude widely traded in Nord-America Brent Crude a basket of 15 similar middle-high quality, light, sweet crude oils extracted in the North Sea Dubai Crude light sour crude oil extracted in Dubai Even though West Texas Intermediate Crude has the highest quality, Brent is used to price two thirds of the worlds internationally traded crude oil supplies according to the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE). Oil characteristics: Exhaustibility One of the leading feature of oil is that oil is a non-renewable resource as once it is consumed, it is no longer available. In particular once extracted, oil is consumed quicker that it is naturally produced: oil is therefore not replaceable within short time. Another very important feature is that supply of such as product is limited relative to demand. This two characteristics are essential to understand that oil can only be analyzed through dynamics models and that unlike standards goods, oil provides oil holder a positive premium known as scarcity rent. When demand for crude oil exceeds supply, oil price earns an economic rent due to its scarcity: in other words, it worth keeping oil underground waiting for increase in demand not covered by an increase in supply. The framework which is widely widespread regarding non-renewable resources is the Hotelling model: first introduces in 1931, the model questioned which is the amount of resources that should be extracted during a certain time frame in order to maximize the profit of the resource holder? Assuming no extraction costs, a risk free rate on investment equal to r and a certain price per barrel, according to Hotelling model, the optimum extraction quantity is the one that leads the price of oil to grow over time at a interest rate r. In other words, the resource holder has two opportunities: he can extract oil today or he can leave it underground waiting for a rose in price. Assuming that he decides to extract a certain amount today, he can invest the proceeds at a risk free rate r; otherwise, if oil price is expected to grow at a higher rate than r, the resource holder is not incentivized to extract oil. Thus, if all the resource holders behave the same way, it is highly probably that oil price will increase. Therefore, according to Hotelling models, the optimum extraction is the one in which oil price grows at the rate of interest. This model suggests and implies that oil price will increase over time: due to oils exhaustibility oil price must increase as fast as it is consumed. Even though Hotellings model is commonly used to predict the shape of oils trend, one of the most important Hotellings assumption is that the reserves of oil are fixed: as can be understood later on in the dissertation, oil reserves calculation is far from being detailed and exhaustive. Oil is extracted as well as found continuously: new reserves become continuously new available resources. Thus, an argument against the Hotelling approach is that it is not possible to evaluate scarcity rent and therefore it is not possible to use models such the Hotelling one which are based on this data. Demand and supply. As for any product, the main drivers influencing oil price are demand and supply. In the long term oil price is determined by the match of demand and supply; however, due to the peculiarities of oil, it is really difficult to predict future price: unknown future events, wars, natural events, OPEC decisions on cutting production and demand elasticity shape different demand-supply equilibriums. While price and income are demands main drivers, on the supply side it is necessary to take into consideration several factor such as reserves, oil depletion, technologies and oil cartel decisions. Oil Supply In January 2010, global oil supply accounts for 85,8 million barrels per day, out of which 51,6 has been produced by non-OPEC countries. There are different factors that are needed to take into consideration analyzing crude oil demand. Evaluating the supply is more complicated than evaluating the demand as there are different player involved, OPEC and non-OPEC countries and there is the central issue related to oil reserves level. First of all, exporting countries do not incur in any storages cost for crude oil as they can simply decide to leave oil underground while importing countries, in order to establish a minimum reserve level, need to built storage facilities. In regard to production countries, the most important and influential player is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. While non-OPEC countries act competitively, OPEC is a cartel whose aim is to maximize revenues and profits. OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental organization founded in Baghdad in 1960 and at that time it encompassed 5 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The founding members were later joined by nine other members: Qatar (1961- 2009); Indonesia (1962 2009); Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973); Angola (2007) and Gabon (1975-1994). Since 1965 OPEC headquarters is Vienna. It is interesting to highlight that the declared mission of the organization is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry  [2]  . In order to understand the relevance of the OPEC countries over oil market, it is important to quantifies to what extend are worldwide oil reserves in OPEC territories: at the end of 2008, world proven crude oil reserves stood at 1,295,085 million barrels, of which 1,027,085 million barrels, or 79.3 per cent, was in OPEC member countries. In 2008 OPEC countries produced around 33 million barrels per day of crude oil, or 45.9 per cent of the world total output  [3]  . Besides owing the largest oil reserves, OPEC countries have the lowest production costs: roughly $4.00 per barrel for Saudi Arabia or $ 4.50 for Iran, as compared, for example, with $9.85 for the North Sea and $12.50 for Brazil.  [4]   Non-OPEC countries Non-OPEC countries are generally considered as price taker and even though in the last decade oil price has grown consistently and observers would expects a proportional increase in non-OPEC supply, the response of oil producers countries outside OPEC has been weak. There are several factors that are needed to taken into account in order to understand this behavior: first of all it is becoming more and more costly to develop oil reserves in this countries and the level of technologies needed to increase or at least maintain stable the production output is really high and expensive. Moreover, price volatility has increased uncertainty, changing the risk profile of non-OPEC countries: they are becoming more sensitive to oil price cycle. Investment are therefore asymmetrical: during tremendous increase in oil price, investment are modest, while during a decrease in crude oil price investment rate in exploration or new technologies decrease consistently leading sometimes to underinvestme nt periods. In order to analyze non-OPEC countries oil supply, it is possible to use a model introduce by Marion King Hubbert in 1956. According to Hubbert model, known also as the Hubbert peak theory, oil production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve which can be divided in three different phases: the first one, the pre-peak phase shows a exponential growth in oil production; around the peak, the production reaches the maximum production level and the production becomes stagnant; in the following phase, the last one, oil production starts a terminal decline due to resource depletion. The peak is reached when half of the oil reserves has been discovered and used: in order to draw the bell-shaped curve, it is necessary to calculate historical cumulative production, discovery rate of new oil deposit and the size of the URR, ultimately recoverable reserves. The main idea of the model is in fact that oil is a finite resources and therefore, when discovery rate is less than the oil consumption rate, oil production starts inexorably to decline with all the related consequences on oil price. The bell curve is drawn considering both the cumulative production and the remaining volume of oil that will be produced as a percentage of the total oil already produced in past. As a consequence it can be used in order to calculate and forecasts oil production and consequently price forecasts. According to Hubbert, North America reached the peak point in 1960, while in United Kingdom and Norway the maximum has been touched in 1999. The limits of this approach are related to the difficulties to calculate ultimately recoverable reserves: improvements in technologies and discoveries of new deposits or higher exploitation of existing deposits are pushing the oil peak to the right. Instead of being static, ultimately recoverable reserve is a dynamic measure: underestimation or overestimation of oil reserves as well as higher rate of technological improvements lead to mistakes in calculation of the year in which world will reach the peak oil. Oil reserves A proper forecast of existing oil reserve is a fundamental aspect of oil supply as it is central to Hubbert peak theory. First of all, it is necessary to define the different type of reserves available: Proved reserves are crude oil reserves that once calculated, provide at least with a rate of 90% of certainty at least the oil crude amount estimated. This depends on how accurate are the geological researches Unproven reserves are crude oil reserves similar to proved reserves but for several reasons such as political or contractual are certain for a rate lower of 90%. Therefore unproven reserves are divided into probable reserves which are reserves that are certain for at least 50 % of the amount estimated and possible reserves which are unproven reserves that are certain only for a 10% of the previous amount estimated Given the different definition of oil reserves, it is very important to highlight that there is not a convergence estimation of oil reserves: several studies calculated different reserves level according to different study methods and according to the extent of proved and unproved oil definition. Another distortion of oil reserve calculation is due to the fact that exporting countries are willing to overestimate their reserves because higher are the reserves, higher is the quantity that they can sell or export. Moreover, higher are the reserves declared, higher are the loan that these countries can raise. There is another issue related to the difference between conventional oil and unconventional oil. Unconventional oil refers to the oil extracted using other techniques than the common oil well method such as biofuels, oil shale, oil sands etc. In addition to these, there are reserves of oil that are yet to be discovered but given the current level of technologies are too difficult to be reached and explored. It is therefore clear that oil reserve calculation is really complicated: according to OPEC annual statistical bulletin 2008, world proven crude oil reserve are estimated to be 1,3 trillion barrels out of which 79, 3% are maintained under OPEC countries ground  [5]  . According to the Oil Gas Journal  [6]  , in January 2009, proved world oil reserves were estimated at 1,342 billion barrels-10 billion barrels (about 1 percent) higher than the estimation for 2008; 56 percent of the worlds proved oil reserves are in the Middle East while just under 80 percent of the worlds proved reserves are concentrated in eight countries out of which only Canada and Russia are not OPEC members. According to BP Statistical Review Of World Energy of June 2009 proven reserves accounts for 1258 billion barrels, AGGIUNGI Oil Demand In 2009 the worldwide oil demand fell by 1.4 percent in comparison to 2008 due to the financial crises that invested mainly OECD countries: this was the biggest drop since early 1980s. During the previous period, 2003-2007 growth rate in oil demand averaged 2,0% per year, 0,8% faster than during the preceding 5 years and 1,2 % faster than it average since 1980  [7]  . Around 90% of demand growth during this period came from non-OECD economies. Indeed, OECD demand has been falling year on year since the end of 2005. Daily crude oil demand in early 2010 has reached 86.5 million barrels as the last quarter of 2009 has been the first quarter of demand recovery after 5 consecutive quarters of decline. GO ON Oil market volatility and elasticity Price elasticity to crude oil demand The relationship between oil demand and price can be analyzed looking at elasticity of demand: elasticity measures the relationship between the change in quantity of oil demand for a given change in oil price. As the chart XX shows, both short term and long term price elasticity of demand are really is low ranging from 0 to -0.6. Furthermore it is clear that short term elasticity of oil demand is even smaller with a range from 0 to -0,1. This means that change in oil price have a very little impact on long term crude oil demand an even lighter effects on short term oil demand. The difference between short and long term demand responsiveness to change in oil price is due to bigger rate of substitution and energy conservation in the long term. What is really important to notice is that oil demand may respond asymmetrical to changes in oil price  [8]  ; in other words there is a substantional difference of demand elasticity for either an increase in price or a decrease in price. For an increase in oil crude price it is expect a reducing demand, but it is not necessarily true that a decreasing oil price would lead to an increase in demand of the same measure: for example an increase in oil price can be exploited in order to invest heavily on innovation and new equipments that would increase oil production leading to a positive impact on price. Last but not least, there is another important aspect concerning demand elasticity that has to be taken into account: the responsiveness of oil demand to a new peak price is different to the responsiveness of oil demand to a price recovering  [9]  . It is possible to describe two different elasticity scenarios at different price levels: elasticity of demand during increase in oil price that lead to new price records, elasticity of demand during increase in oil price following a low point in price history As expected, some studies argues that higher responsiveness of change in oil price can be seen when oil price is reaching new records, while there is a lower elasticity for other changes in price level. Thus, to summarize, elasticity of demand is not always linear, it may respond asymmetrically to changes in oil price and it can be different depending to historical price level. Income elasticity of price crude demand Income elasticity of crude oil demand measures the change in quantity of oil demanded for a given change in income. As the graph xx points out, income elasticity is more responsive in comparison to price elasticity: the long run elasticity ranges from 0,4 to 1,4. Moreover there is an important difference between income elasticity of emerging market and OECD. Emerging markets shows higher income volatility demonstrating how important is oil in their production processes. Spare capacity A very important component and determinant of oil market is oil spare capacity, the amount of excess production that oil producers can bring online quickly. The volume of spare capacity is fundamental as it can be a driver of oil price: spare capacity is in fact utilized to balance excess of oil demand and it can be used to counterbalance temporary oil shock. In other words, spare capacity is a tool that offers flexibility to the market: the higher the spare capacity, the higher is the ability to absorb oil price shock or respond to unexpected increase in demand. Thus in the short term, spare capacity can be exploited to offset increase in demand until oil supply is adjusted to meet demand. As the graph points out , there is an inverse correlation between oil price and spare capacity: high spare capacity level is associated to weak oil price, while when spare capacity is low oil price is expected to be high or increasingly. Spare capacity evolution over years have dropped from 10 million barrel per day of the late 90s to less than 2 million barrel per day or 2% of global oil demand in 2004. In particular, the increase in demand not covered by an increased in supply of non-OPEC countries has been met by OPEC using also spare capacity and therefore diminishing them. As expected, during the credit crunch that took place in late 2008, oil price fell dramatically while the spare capacity increased reaching 6% of global oil demand. According to the International Energy Agency, OPEC spare capacity excluding Iraq, Venezuela and Nigeria, accounts for 5,54 million b/d.. in addition to this, other 5,8 million b/d are estimated to be producible by OPEC countries within 3 months. To sum up, it is clear the role of spare capacity in oil market economy: a relevant inventory allows to maintain the flexibility required in order to play an active role once an oil shock is predicted or strong is conducting price to new records. The key issue is whether it is possible in the current scenario to maintain or even increase spare capacity and which is the player that should take this responsibility. Should oil companies create bigger inventories, even if it is uneconomical from a profits maximization point of view to hold higher reserves than needed, or should national oil companies keep bigger reserves? Oil demand projections According to the World Economic Outlook of the International Monetary Fund issues in April 2009, global oil demand is expected to grow by 0,6% or 540000 barrel per day per year on average between 2008 and 2014. World oil demand will therefore increase from 85,8 mb/d to 89mb/d while in a more conservative scenario it is expected that demand will remain stable around 85 mb/d depending on how fast and how strongly global recovery will take place. Given the recent historical pattern of oil demand it is highly probable that non OECD countries will drive oil demand growth within the next future; oil consumption in OECD countries will tighten. Asia, Middle East and Latin America will increase their oil demand by 2,6%, from 38,3 mb/d to 44,6 mb/d over 2008 to 2014 on average per year while at the same time, OECD consumptions will declined by 1,1 from 47,5 mb/d to 44,4 mb/d. As the graph points out, by 2013 non-OECD oil demand will be equal to OECD oil demand. The growth in oil demand of non-OECD reflects higher GDP growth expected as well as higher income elasticity to crude oil. In fact in several emerging market, oil price is administered: in Iran for example gasoline costs just à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0,8 per liter while OECD countries are usually more responsive to oil price changes Macroeconomic Variables Exchange Rates The relationship between exchange rates and oil prices is complex and it is necessary to note that generally when there is a depreciation of the dollar, oil price expressed in dollar increases. Being dollar the most widespread currency for oil price, a lower exchange rate of the dollar to another currency leads to a minor foreign currency cost of oil causing a rise in oil demand. This increase in demand put upward pressure on the price of oil. Having said that, it is not possible to estimate a precise relationship between oil price and the value of dollar exchange rate: all it is possible to say is that oil price moves roughly proportionally to change in dollar value ceteris paribus. Thus a 10% increase in nominal exchange value of the dollar causes a 10% decrease in oil price expressed in dollar, ceteris paribus. As the graph XX shows, the dramatically decrease in exchange value of the dollar since 2002 and the strong increase of WTI crude oil price in different currencies, would su ggest the inverse relationship between oil price and dollar exchange rate is true even if it is not possible to evaluate to what extent. Looking at the relationship between oil price and exchange rate, another important factor that should be taken into account is the decision of leading oil exporters: if dollar depreciates against other currencies, oil exporters international purchasing power declines. In order to protect their interest, leading oil exporters tend to tight oil supply, leading to an increase in oil price. Another issue that should be taken into consideration looking at the exchange rate is that United States is a major oil producer and oil consumer; an increase in oil price has therefore a double effect: it leads to a deprecations of dollar against the currencies of exporting countries and an appreciation against the currencies oil importing countries. Even if this two divergent movements of exchange rate should be cancelled out each other, in the last years oil imports of oil in the Unites States has soared causing a major concerns in the American capability to respond to and increasing trade deficit influencing negatively the value of the dollar. Interest rates The relationship between oil price and interest rate is not univocal as it is impossible to identify a singular and unique effect of changes in interest rate on oil price. Generally the correlation between these two data is inverse as a decrease of interest rates would lead to increase in price. On the contrary, a decrease of interest rates in order to recover from a financial downturn would lead to a decrease in oil price which would suggest a positive correlation. An explanation of the reason why there is a negative correlation is that an expansionary policy causes a cost reduction of storing cost for commodities goods, driving up the oil price. On the other hand, a change of U.S. interest rate will have an impact on the pegged currencies to U.S. dollar or to the currency currencies which are traded against the American one: too expansionary policy in the U.S. may not be proper to foreign central banks influencing foreign economic growth and consequentially oil prices. Oil price speculation or massive change in oil fundamentals? One of the main issue related to oil price is whether increasing volatility and rise in prices during the last decade has reflected a massive change in oils fundamentals or if market speculators played an active role in massive price fluctuations. In particular it is necessary to understand if the oil price reached the high ever level in 2008 due to growing flow of money in oil derivatives or due to enormous change in underlying fundamentals, supply and demand. An increase from $28 per barrel in early 2002 to over $100 per barrel at the end of 2007, heading to the record $140 in 2008 and then falling below à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40 by the end of 2008 is the result of the burst of an energy bubble or it the natural evolution of oil price during a worldwide financial crises? In other words, it needs to be investigated if the strong increase followed by the collapse in oil price is a cause or a result of the main worldwide financial crises. As analyzed in the first part of the dissertation, oils demand and supply during the period 2002 and 2008 changed significantly: emerging countries such as China and India drove oil demand while at the same time, oil suppliers reacted slowly and they tighten spare capacity. Those that support oil demand a

Disadvantages Of Esl Course Books Education Essay

ESL signifies English as a Second Language. ESL Course books are books that instructors use to help them in the instruction of the English Language in schools and establishments. These books are normally used as they make learning English unusually easy- instructor uses them to fix for category, they are visually appealing with images and illustrations. They besides fit good with school timetables. They were designed for pupils of all degrees and ages. In line with Cheung and Wong ( Cheng and Wong, 2002 ) , the cardinal rule of an academic course of study should be targeted at developing pupils ‘ rational abilities in capable survey countries that are deemed most worthy. ESL class books have their advantages and disadvantages. Advantages The first advantage is that the class books come with a set of achievement ends that are clearly set. They tell the scholar what he or she will be able to make on completion of a class, and what to anticipate. The 2nd advantage is that when utilizing the class books, the genres and subjects are structured such that they cover the four accomplishment countries of reading, composing, speech production, and listening. This greatly eases the load off the instructor of holding to fix to turn to those countries. The class books besides assist inexperient instructors as they have ready-made activities and they assist such instructors to fix for categories. Disadvantages Several jobs and issues have come up such as insistent activities, uninteresting subjects, and unequal linguistic communication exposure. Many of the activities in the class books come as ‘question and reply ‘ subdivisions. After making it several times, there is a likeliness that the pupils will get down happening the lessons drilling and uninteresting. In add-on, the reading subdivisions in the class book tend to be comparatively short. Therefore, they fail to be effectual in assisting pupils develop that constituent of the accomplishment countries. The reading stuff besides tends non to be disputing adequate for scholars, and the scholars end up non profiting from analyzing the class books. If non checked, such issues can stop up impacting a pupil ‘s overall public presentation in the English linguistic communication. Solutions One solution is the add-on of outside reading stuffs to the course of study to supplement the class books. This would make full in the spread for the countries that the class books have non covered. Another solution would be to increase the reading stuff in the class books. The encouragement of literature reading even outside the schoolroom would besides be a solution. It is confirmed that a great wealth of vocabulary and excellence in grammar is learnt through the reading of literature. How is this statement right? ESL class books have been an huge aid to the instruction sector. They have eased the work of the instructors well. Before, doing of the lessons and stuff to be studied rested entirely on the shoulders of the instructors. Now, the instructors can utilize these text editions to help them to fix for the categories ; the instructor can besides take to utilize the books sometimes, as they come absolutely planned with most of the stuff needed for each lesson. The above statement recognizes this. The statement is right in the manner it honestly examines the advantages and disadvantages of ESL class books without prejudice. The weight of the advantages compares to the weight of the disadvantages. A right representation of the value and worth of the ESL class books is shown ( Kayapinar, 2009 ) . An accurate representation of the advantages that the ESL books bring is put away, backed by believable resources like Kayapinar ‘s Course book Evaluations by English Teachers ‘ . An accur ate representation of the disadvantages is besides put away, backed by believable beginnings, as Harmer ‘s ‘How to Teach English ‘ ( Harmer, 2007 ) . In the solutions, a right decision is made that the books are a valuable but a slightly unequal beginning of information and stuff ; therefore, the solution to add extra reading stuff to the course of study, was sound. How the statement is incorrect? Harmonizing to the statement, instructors are depending on the ESL class books far excessively much. The work of instruction has been taken from the instructors and set on the class books, which is non the manner it is supposed to be. The instructor is supposed to hold a bulk of the stuff needed to be taught in school ; the books should merely supplement their stuff. Another manner that the statement is incorrect is in the manner it emphasizes the insufficiency of the class books. The books are seen to be missing disputing stuff, equal reading stuff, and are said to be dull. Alternatively of looking for extra text editions, they can see refashioning the class books and make fulling them with the stuff that would be most utile to the instructors and pupils. The statement is besides incorrect in the manner it accommodates the indolence of pupils. The pupils have no right to acquire bored of the class books. They are non in the schoolrooms to be entertained, but to analyze. The duty of acquisition should be put back where it belongs ; on the shoulders of the pupils. They should take the enterprise in the acquisition procedure, transfusing within them, a self-driven desire to stand out. That manner, if the class books go unequal, they will take the enterprise of looking for extra information from other books and diaries. This would significantly ease the work of the instructors, every bit good. Decision The class books have been of enormous aid in the instruction sector. The best thing to make would be to hone them and add the relevant reading stuff to them. Still, pupils should take duty over their surveies, and that manner they will assist the instructors assist them even more.

The Good Topics to Write the Common App Essay about Diaries

The Good Topics to Write the Common App Essay about Diaries What You Don't Know About Good Topics to Write the Common App Essay about For example, you can zoom in on one specific part of your background and identity and the way it informs the direction you look at and approach certain things. You may explain the reason it's important to you and what you did or would do in order to obtain the solution. Suddenly, you're in a brand-new situation, and will need to do something, but you need zero idea what. Just be certain that it is something which you require, not just something that you want in the brief term. It offers you the occasion to reflect and show your capability to learn from your experiences. Instead you should share your own personal experience in addition to highlight your creative approach in any field even if it doesn't refer to your specialization. Take into consideration the experience that you wish to write about. Inside this essay, select a time which you were able to follow experiences and perspectives contrary to yours with respect and maturity. If you still discover the task rather challenges, we've got a pool of experienced writers always prepared to aid. The very first step is to discover some space and quiet time to read the prompts a number of occasions and let your mind ponder each one. This procedure is not one in which that we would like to see evidence that you're just like everybody else. The procedure for your experience is vital. The Key to Successful Good Topics to Write the Common App Essay about Moreover, there are lots of things you need to do before writing the essay. In the event you decide you need to chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a superior means to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. Each time you have doubts regarding the standard of the paper and grammar, spelling or writing style, don't hesitate to ask your teacher or parents to proofread the text. If you're one of the almost 1000 students every month who look for Common App Essay examples, you're certainly doing the correct thing, as there's a lot that it is possible to learn from essay examples bad essays along with good one. The sports essay is predictable and ought to be avoided, if at all possible. What's most curious concerning the college essay is that lots of the topics on this list (those which should be avoided) also happen to be some of the most frequently used topics out there. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that have to be solved later on. Meditate on it using a commentary. The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. Do remember, however, that the absolute most important thing about the essay is it should be something only you could write! Regardless of which it prompt you address, it is essential to give yourself time to think about the information you are conveying and what it reveals about you. The essay is easily among the most troublesome portions of the college application approach. These questions should inform your whole college application procedure. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Your solution shouldn't be a book report. Who knowsthe response to that question may be the foundation for your admission essay. The Nuiances of Good Topics to Write the Common App Essay about The process is quite simplified and you'll be able to get acquainted with the requirements quickly. It means you shouldn't repeat the info from your CV or resume. Basically, it's pretty simple to file your application. Otherwise, you ought to make small investigating to collect the mandatory information. The stream of your ideas and ideas ought to be natural and logic. The reader will choose this up from your initial words. When you're writing about yourself, make certain you include words that explain the emotions you're feeling at various areas of the story. If it's possible to paint a very clear picture for your reader by supplying details, you're considerably more likely to file a marker in their memories.

The Real Estate Industry in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut Admission Essay Examples

The real estate industry faced severe challenges in 2008 with the financial crisis in America. Many people lost their homes being unable to pay the mortgage payments. Businesses incurred losses as the prices of houses plummeted down. However in 2010 and 2011 the real estate market has been picking up in the region though at a slow pace (Taylor, 8). The states of New York and New Jersey have been lagging behind in the real estate recovery. Slow growth has been predicted for 2011 for Northern and Central Jersey (Benziga, 11). Due to job cuts and the reorganization of financial firms, there has been a lower demand for commercial real estate. These states are lagging behind the other states in terms of economic recovery. Overall the economy has been showing positive signs and the real estate market is bound to improve. The Wall Street impacts the real estate market greatly in New York. There is a linear relationship between the economy of New York and Wall Street. When Wall Street is performing well, the economy also picks up. When the stock prices rise, the prices of the real estate also rise. Currently, the Wall Street bonuses, jobs and profits have been increasing. The bonuses paid to the New York security employees was down by 8% compared to 2011. This is because the profits were shared among more workers than 2009. Compensation level for workers was more in 2010 than 2009. Very high profits were made in the broker and dealer transactions conducted in 2010. The effects of the crisis are still being felt and the industry is still recovering. Before the financial crisis tax from personal and business income from Wall Street used to be about 20% but now it is at 13%. Between august 2010 and December 2010 the securities firms added over 3,500 jobs (Here is the City News, 2). This is a good sign considering that during the crisis many people lost their jobs. During the financial crisis, there were over 30,000 jobs lost. In New York, there are foreign buyers who have been coming into the area to buy those properties with low prices. The sale of these properties will increase the sale of property houses for now. Foreign buyers are finding the low prices quite attractive. They have been energizing the market of Manhattan. Most of the investors are South Americans. They are now more than the people from Middle East and Russia (Brass, 2010). The percentage of foreign buyers of real estate in the New York is usually between 12-16% of the market buyers. These buyers are having an impact aiding the investors to sell more apartment units economic struggles of the last eighteen months. The government in 2008 created a tax credit to aid in housing and economic recovery. The tax credit applies only to first-time homebuyers. These are people who in the last three years have not owned a primary home. The tax credit is 10% of the house cost though to a maximum of $7,500. This tax credit has not helped the area of Manhattan at all. First of all there are not many homes in the area that cost $75,000. For an individual the income should not be more than $75,000 while for a couple the income should not be more than $150,000. This is a limiting factor to Manhattan residents since the average income in the area is at least three times the national average. The average income in Manhattan is more than $150,000 for individuals (Hall, 2008). This tax credit can be claimed by persons who bought single-family homes from the beginning of April 2008 to the beginning of July 2009. Unfortunately the area residents cannot participate much in the claims since most homes in the area are condos and multi-family apartments. The impact of the first-time home buyer tax credit has not helped push up the prices of real estate in the area at all. Conclusion The economic crisis of 2008 had a big negative impact on the housing sector with many homeowners defaulting on their home credits. The past year has however witnessed a turnaround in the fortune of homeowners in New York and other states surrounding it. The current growth in the fortune of Wall Street has continued to generate a positive impact on the housing sector, even though this has occurred on a gradual scale. This has also led to a property boom which has also witnessed the entry of foreign buyers. Works Cited: Benziga Editors. Northern and Central New Jersey Commercial Real Estate Markets in Slow Recovery. Benziga. 2011, Web. Brass, Kevin. New Foreign buyers in New York City. International Property Journal. October 12, 2010. Web. Hall, Mitchel. First time buyer credit-not in Manhattan. August 20, 2008. Accessed on 9th March, 2011. Web. Here is the City News . An Analysis of 2010 Wall Street Bonuses, Jobs Profits. 2011. Accessed on 9th February, 2011. Web Taylor, Tracey. Recovery? Yes, a Little. The New York Times. Web. 4th March, 2010. Accessed on 9th February, 2011. Web